This post will briefly describe about definition of carcinogens, mechanisms of actions, the sources of carcinogens, and how we can identify and classify carcinogens.

What is definition of carcinogens?
It is any cancer-causing substance, chemical or physical, such as benzene, cadmium, asbestos or certain types of radiation. The term cancer refers to a type of neoplasm, defined as a new growth (plasia). Cancer is a type of neoplasm characterized by tissue undergoing rapid and abnormal growth. Tissues that grow faster tan the surrounding tissue form an enlarged mass of cells referred to as tumor.

What are mechanisms of actions?
How

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The most important thing for environmental toxicology study is to establish the association between a suspected causative agent and associated disease or illnesses. Several methods have been described in epidemiology and toxicology study. You have learned about fundamental difference between epiedemiology study and toxicology study. Now we will learn about one factor that should be cautiosly be addressed.

Doing an epidemiology study with two or more groups of individuals have a very high degree of variability. This variability is varied from one individual to another individual. And since its complexity, we will not be able to perfectly produce high

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While selection bias happen because of the way we select the object study to build relationship or association between a suspected causative agent and disease or illness, observation bias is focused to the bias of the means of getting information about the study. This kind of bias is generally involved when you are doing retrospective epidemiological study. I suggest you visit that page to obtain more detail characteristics of retrospective epidemiological study.

This kind of study is fragile because it involves individuals memory. Retrospective study is a study looking in the past, something that had happened. We gather

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In several previous posts, I have described a lot of things related to the epidemiological study. As matter as fact, I have explained various kind why in several factors, epidemiology can only build an association between a suspected etiological factor with an observed response. There are several elements make epidemiological study can not establish a solid and strong relationship,they are bias, observation bias and selection bias, confounding factor. In epidemiology study, the decision about association between the causative factor and the observed disease or illnese is aided by the indicator such as attributable risk and relative

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Toxic chemicals have specific effects observed, from organ failure, electrolyte transfer inhibition and other cases. One specific research had found out that aluminium chloride contained in drinking water will significantly reduce fertility. The research was conducted on a toxicology test in a controlled laboratory with mice as the animal object.

The present of aluminium chloride as the result of ingestion will significantly reduce testicular and epididymal sperm counts and will also increase testosterone and LH serum levels. I will talk about this later on. I recall myself in another post about barium (Ba) that Ba inhibits the transfer of

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